現在の業績

論文（英文）

1. Nakata, K. (1995) Age polyethism, idiosyncrasy and behavioural flexibility in the queenless ponerine ant, Diacamma sp. J. Ethol., 13, 117-127
2. Nakata, K. (1996) Does behavioural flexibility compensate or constrain colony productivity?- relationship between age structure, labour allocation and production of workers in ant colony - J. Ins. Behav., 9, 557-569
3. Nakata, K and Tsuji, K. (1996) The effect of colony size on the conflict over male-production between gamergate and dominant workers in the ponerine ant Diacamma sp.- Ethol., Ecol. & Evol., 8, 147-156
4. Tsuji, K, Nakata, K. and Heinze, J. (1996) Lifespan and reproduction in a queenless ant. Naturwissenshaften, 83, 577-578
5. Nakata, K. (1996) The difference in behavioural flexibility among task behaviours in a ponerine ant, Diacamma sp. Sociobiology, 27, 119-128
6. Nakata, K. (1998) Absence of sex differential brood raising by workers in Diacamma sp. from Japan Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 43, 223-227
7. Wakano, J., Nakata, K. & Yamamura, N. (1998) Dynamic model of optimal age polyethism in social insects under stable and fluctuating environments J. Theor. Biol., 193, 153-166
8. Nakata, K., Tsuji, K., H嗟ldobler, B. & Taki, A. (1998) Sexual calling by workers using the metatibial glands in the ant, Diacamma sp. from Japan J. Ins. Behav., 11, 869-877
9. Nakata, K. & Ushimaru, A. (1999) Feeding experience affects web relocation and investment in web threads in an orb-web spider, Cyclosa argenteoalba Anim. Behav., 57, 1251-1255
10. Nakata, K. (2000) Stability in worker production and colony size in ant coloniesSociobiology, 35, 441-446
11. Ushimaru, A. & Nakata, K. (2001) Evolution of flower allometry and its significance for pollination success in the deceptive orchid Pogonia japonica. Int. J. Plant Sci., 162,1307-1311
12. Ushimaru, A. & Nakata, K. (2002) The evolution of flower allometry in selfing species. Evol. Ecol. Res., 4, 1217-1227
13. Nakata, K. Ushimaru, A. & Watanabe, T. (2003) Using past experience in web relocation decisions enhances the foraging efficiency of the spider Cyclosa argenteoalba J. Ins. Behav., 16, 371-380.
14. Nakata, K. & Ushimaru, A. (2004) Difference in web construction behavior at newly occupied web sites between two Cyclosa species Ethology, 110, 397-411
15. Ushimaru, A., Kikuchi, S., Yonekura, R., Maruyama, A,. Yanagisawa, N., Kagami, M., Nakagawa, M., Kohmatsu, Y., Hatada, A., Kitamura, S., and Nakata, K. (2007) The influence of floral symmetry and pollination systems on flower size variation. Nordic Journal of Botany, 24:593-598
16. Ushimaru, A., Watanabe, T., & Nakata, K. (2007) Colored floral organs influence pollinator behavior and pollen transfer in Commelina communis . Amer. J. Bot., 94, 249-258
17. Nakata, K. (2007) Prey detection without successful capture affects spider's orb-web construction behaviour. Naturwissenshaften 94:853-857
18. Nakata, K. (2008) Spiders use airborne cues to respond to flying insect predators by building orb-web with fewer silk thread and larger silk decorations. Ethology, 114:677-685
19. Mori, Y. & Nakata, K. (2008) Optimal foraging and information gathering: how should animals invest in repeated foraging bouts within the same patch? Evol. Ecol. Res.. 10:823-834
20. Nakata, K. (2009) To be or not to be conspicuous: the effects of prey availability and predator risk on spider's web decoration building. Anim. Behav. 78:1255-1260
21. Zschokke, S. & Nakata, K. (2010) Spider orientation and hub position in orb-webs. Naturwissenshaften 97:43-52
22. Nakata, K. (2010) Attention focusing in a sit-and-wait forager: A spider controls its prey-detection ability in different web sectors by adjusting thread tension. Proc. R. Soc. B 277:29-33
23. Nakata, K. & Zschokke, S. (2010) Upside-down spiders build upside-down orb webs - web asymmetry, spider orientation and running speed in Cyclosa. Proc. R. Soc. B 277:3019-3025
24. Nakata, K. (2010) Does ontogenetic change in orb-web asymmetry reflect biogenetic law? Naturwissenshaften97:1029-1032
25. Nakata, K. (2012) Plasticity in an extended phenotype and reversed up-down asymmetry of spider orb webs Anim. Behav. 83:821-826
26. Nakata, K. & Ushimaru, A. (2013) The effect of predation risk on spider's decisions on web-site relocation Behaviour 150:103-114
27. Nakata, K. (2013) Spatial learning affects thread tension control in orb-web spiders Biol.Lett. 9:
28. Zschokke, S. & Nakata, K. (2015) Vertical asymmetries in orb webs. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 116: 659-672
29. Kondoh, M., Mougi, A., Ushimaru, A. & Nakata, K. (2015) Adaptive movement and food-chain dynamics: towards food-web theory without birth-death processes. Theor. Ecol.
30. Takasuka K., Yasui T., Ishigami T., Nakata K., Matsumoto R., Ikeda K. & Maeto K. (2015) Host manipulation by an ichneumonid spider-ectoparasitoid that takes advantage of preprogrammed web-building behaviours for its cocoon protection. J. Exp. Biol. 218:2326-2332
31. Nakata, K. & Shigemiya Y. (2015) Body-colour variation in an orb-web spider and its effect on predation success. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 116:954-963
32. Shigemiya Y. & Nakata, K. (2015) Method for rearing the orb-web spider Cyclosa argenteoalba. Acta Arachnol. 64:75-81
33. Nakata, K. (2016) Female genital mutilation and monandry in an orb-web spider. Biol.Lett.
34. Nakata, K. & Mori, Y. (2016) Cost of complex behaviour and its implications in antipredator defence in orb-web spiders. Anim. Behav.

論文・総説等（和文）

1. 中田兼介（1992）”女王のいない”トゲオオハリアリ. 昆虫と自然 27:15-20
2. 中島みどり、中田兼介、村上興正（2000）京都府京田辺市周辺の里山に生息するイシガメとクサガメの分布と齢構造について. 関西自然保護機構会誌 22:91-103
3. 石田　惣, 薮田慎司, 中田兼介, 広瀬祐司（2004）動物行動の映像データベース—自然史系博物館の普及教育で活用する事例とアイデア. 第11回全国科学博物館協議会研究発表大会資料 37-42.
4. 中田兼介・藪田慎司（2006）動画資料を使ったフィールド生物学者の自然教育への貢献. 日本生態学会誌 56:166-173
5. 小林由美、千嶋淳、藤井啓、刈屋達也、川島美生、石川慎也、中田兼介、藪田慎司 (2008) 個体識別データベースを活用したゼニガタアザラシの生活史に関する研究. プロ・ナトゥーラ・ファンド第17期助成成果報告書 77-85
6. 中田兼介（2010）クモの網　-糸と形が織りなす機能- 生物科学 61:147-155
7. 中田兼介（2010）「視覚化」と「わかりやすさ」の裏表(<連載2>博物館と生態学(13))日本生態学会誌 60:283-286
8. 藪田慎司、中田兼介、千嶋淳、藤井啓、石川慎也、刈屋達也、川島美生、小林万里、小林由美（2010）ゼニガタアザラシの写真及び個体情報デジタルデータベース：野生哺乳類の長期野外研究を支援する試み. 哺乳類科学 50:195-208
9. 中田兼介（2010）垂直円網と非対称性. Acta Arachnologica 59:93-102
10. 中田兼介（2012）「アウェイ」の生態学:趣旨説明. 日本生態学会誌 62:49-50
11. 中田兼介（2015）食う食われる中でのクモの「見た目」 （[特集]クモ研究の現在-新たな技術と視点から- ）. 生物科学 66:79-88
12. 中田兼介（2015）薪ストーブ利用のコストベネフィット （特集　2010年代の里山管理シンポジウムII／里山資源の循環的利用 ）. 地域自然史と保全 37:15-20

著書

1. 中田兼介（2000）クモの生物学（分担執筆, 第8章　採餌場所選択, pp.159-180）, 宮下直編, 東京大学出版会
2. 中田兼介（2002）人間環境学への招待（分担執筆, pp.64-69,182-187), 長崎総合科学大学人間環境学部編, 丸善
3. 中田兼介（2008）昆虫ミメティックスハンドブック（分担執筆、 第一章第五節　クモの網：構造の多様性と進化, pp.119-125を担当）, 下澤楯夫・針山孝彦監修, エヌ・ティー・エス
4. 中田兼介（2009）シリーズ「動物の多様な生き方」第2巻「動物の生き残り術：行動とそのしくみ」（分担執筆, 第9章　建築, pp.149-166を担当）, 日本比較生理生化学会編, 共立出版
5. 中田兼介（2015）環境Eco選書11　クモの科学最前線-進化から環境まで-　（分担執筆, 第二章, クモの網の特徴とその機能, pp.30-43を担当）, 宮下直編, 北隆館
6. 中田兼介（2015）昆虫科学読本-虫の目で見た驚きの世界（分担執筆, 第5章, クモの網が円くないわけ, pp63-77を担当）、日本昆虫科学連合編, 東海大学出版部

訳書

野外実験生態学入門（1996、蒼樹書房）ハーストン, N.G.著、堀道雄、立澤史郎、足羽寛との共訳

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中にはアブストラクトのある物もあります。

Nakata, K. (1995) Age polyethism, idiosyncrasy and behavioural flexibility in the queenless ponerine ant, Diacamma sp.

Age-related behavioural change of individually marked and known-age workers of a colony of Diacamma sp. was observed through entire ant lives in the laboratory for more than a year. Although typical age polyethism was observed, activity of inside and outside tasks, life span, or time schedule of behavioural change varied considerably among workers. Idiosyncrasies in age-related behavioural change was detected among workers that eclosed on the same day. Cluster analyses revealed that individual patterns of behavioural change tended to be different when eclosion dates were far apart. This suggests that most workers change their behaviour flexibly. Thus, there is little effect of idiosyncrasy on colony response to changes in colony condition.

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Nakata, K. (1996) Does behavioural flexibility compensate or constrain colony productivity?- relationship between age structure, labour allocation and production of workers in ant colony -

Temporal change in colonial labour allocation, age structure, eclosion of workers and number of brood of colonies of the ponerine ant, Diacamma sp. from Japan were surveyed more than a year. Batch eclosion occurred in all colonies. Temporal fluctuation of broods indicated that the reason for batch eclosion lay in brood raising, not in cessation of egg supply. Labour allocation pattern at a given moment was connected to the subsequent productivity by multiple linear regression in a colony. Fluctuating eclosion patterns of other colonies were predicted from labour allocation patterns extrapolated from their age structure without considering behavioural flexibility. They fitted with observed patterns considerably. This suggests that behavioural flexibility does not fully compensate the deterioration in productivity caused by the fluctuation in age structure.

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Nakata, K and Tsuji, K. (1996) The effect of colony size on the conflict over male-production between gamergate and dominant workers in the ponerine ant Diacamma sp.-

Colonies of the queenless ponerine Diacamma sp. have females with three types of functions with respect to reproductive status: a mated worker (gamergate), egg-laying unmated dominant workers, and non-reproductive unmated subordinate workers. In the laboratory, several dominant workers oviposited but most eggs were eaten by the gamergate. However, some eggs, which may have resulted in the production of males, were overlooked and escaped from oophagy by the gamergate.
The colony size of male-producing colonies was larger than that of non-male producing colonies. An increasing difficulty for the gamergate to find worker-laid eggs caused by large colony size appears to be responsible for this phenomenon.

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Nakata, K. (1996) The difference in behavioural flexibility among task behaviours in a ponerine ant, Diacamma sp.

The temporal change in age structure among workers, the task demand, and the amounts of 6 task behaviors in a colony of the ponerine ant, Diacamma sp. were observed for a year. There are correlations between the number of larvae or cocoons and the amounts of larva caring or cocoon caring, respectively. This seemed to imply that the effect of age structure on the amounts of two behaviors were small because of behavioral flexibility. On the other hand, there are correlations between age structure and the amounts of foraging, social behaviour and egg caring. Among these behaviors, behavioral flexibility seemed to stabilize the temporal variation only in egg caring. It is considered that productivity of the colony is mostly influenced by the behaviour which is affected by age structure, because discrepancy between task demand and the number of workers to do the task will occur.

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Nakata, K. (1998) Absence of sex differential brood raising by workers in Diacamma sp. from Japan

To optimally allocate resources between workers, reproductive females and males, ant workers have to be able to identify the sex of larvae and raise them differently. The ability of workers to discriminate between the sexes in the brood was tested in colonies of queenless ponerine ants, Diacamma sp., from Japan. The ratio of male eggs in the egg pile was increased experimentally. This manipulation resulted in a corresponding increase in the ratio of adult males, suggesting that Diacamma workers do not raise the sexes differently.

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Nakata, K., Tsuji, K., H嗟ldobler, B. & Taki, A. (1998) Sexual calling by workers using the metatibial glands in the ant, Diacamma sp. from Japan

Several species of the ant genus Diacamma reproduce through mated workers (gamergates). Such gamergates have no wings and therefore are unable of conducting nuptial flight. Instead they perform a sexual calling behavior by standing outside the nest and rubbing the tibiae of their hindleg over the surface of the arched gaster. In a series of exclusion experiments we demonstrate, that secretions from the metatibial gland are the most important component in making the virgin female attractive to the males.

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Nakata, K. & Ushimaru, A. (1999) Feeding experience affects web relocation and investment in web threads in an orb-web spider, Cyclosa argenteoalba

Orb-web spiders often relocate their webs when they assess a web site as prey-poor. When a spider spins its web at a new site, it may not be able to accurately assess the prey availability at the site on the first day, due to stochastic variation in foraging success, but it is gradually able to make an assessment. Therefore, a spiderﾕs foraging behaviour may change according to how long it has been at its current web site. To test this possibility, a prey removal experiment was conducted using the spider Cyclosa argenteoalba to compare the response to prey deprivation of spiders that were on new sites with that of spiders that had been at a site for several days. Spiders in both groups had a higher relocation rate than the natural rate, but more spiders in the first group relocated their webs. Spiders seem to use previous experience of prey capture at a web site to decide whether to relocate their web. The spiders in the first group have a higher rate of web relocation because of their lack of previous experience of prey. Observations of web structure revealed that the total thread length was longer on the second day at a new web site than on the first. Spiders are considered to minimise their investment in web threads until they are certain that the web site is prey-rich.

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Nakata, K. (2000) Stability in worker production and colony size in ant colonies

I examined temporal variation in the number of workers produced daily in ponerine ant colonies of different sizes for one year. While there was no significant relationship between per capita productivity for 21 days and colony size, small colonies exhibited larger temporal variation in per capita productivity. It is thought that variation in the amount of nursing labour produces large temporal variation in the per capita productivity of a small colony, because workers work in parallel with each other.

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Nakata, K. Ushimaru, A. & Watanabe, T. (2003) Using past experience in web relocation decisions enhances the foraging efficiency of the spider Cyclosa argenteoalba

The purpose of this study is to test whether the integration of past and present foraging experience in web relocation decision enhances foraging efficiency of the spider Cyclosa argenteoalba in its natural environment. We measured daily changes in the prey availability at several fixed sites in a natural environment and constructed a model environment based on these observational data. In the model environment, we simulated the behavior of spiders that foraged and relocated their webs according to several decision rules, which differed in terms of how a spider used its past experience. Results of the simulation revealed that the less past experience is discounted in making web relocation decisions, the more prey the spider is expected to capture. The expected number of web relocation decreased as spider kept past foraging experience longer. These results suggest that C. argenteoalba enhances foraging efficiency by using past foraging experience for long time for the decision of web relocation in its natural environment.

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Nakata, K. & Ushimaru, A. (2004) Difference in web construction behavior at newly occupied web sites between two Cyclosa species

Animals make decisions based on subjective assessments of their environment. To determine their future foraging activities, animals probably assess food availability from past foraging experiences. Thus, foraging also functions as a way for animals to collect information, with the uncertainty of an assessment decreasing as foraging activity increases. This suggests that different needs for a correct assessment may affect the investment made in foraging activities. Orb-web spiders sometimes relocate their webs and relocation rate differs among species. After web relocation, several spider species have been reported to construct the first webs at newly occupied web sites using less silk than usual, possibly to avoid the risk of an overinvestment at sites where food availability has not been determined. Nevertheless, they may pay a cost, due to inadequate decision-making, if webs constructed with less silk convey less information and increase the uncertainty of an assessment. We expect that stronger site tenacity necessitates a greater requirement for correct assessment of web site and the degree to which spiders reduce the amount of web silk in the first web after web relocation is smaller in species that use the same site longer. To test this hypothesis, we examined web construction in two orb-web spiders, Cyclosa octotuberculata and C. argenteoalba. At the same time we found that these two species exhibit different web-site tenacity, as C. octotuberculata does not relocate its webs as frequently as does C. argenteoalba. After artificially induced web relocation, C. argenteoalba constructed webs that were initially smaller and contained only about 2/3 of the silk in control webs that were constructed at the original site. In contrast, C. octotuberculata did not exhibit such decreases in web size or in the amount of web silk used. This result is consistent with our hypothesis.

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Nakata, K. (2007) Prey detection without successful capture affects spider's orb-web construction behaviour

Animals obtain information from past foraging experience to adjust their foraging activity according to their environment. The ability of spiders to obtain information from unsuccessful predation experiences was investigated by examining the effects on web building, a significant foraging investment, of prey detection without successful capture in the orb-web spider Cyclosa octotuberculata. Four treatments were employed: 1) successful capture and feeding: one syrphid fly was allowed to be captured and consumed by the spider on the web; 2) single prey-item detection: a syrphid fly was placed on the web to lure the spider, but was removed before capture; 3) five prey-item detection: above prey-item detection stimulus was given five times; and, 4) control: neither prey nor feeding on the web. While control spiders decreased the total thread length and capture area of their webs, prey-item detection spiders in both conditions increased them, indicating that the spider obtained information from unsuccessful predation experience to adjust their foraging investment. The fed spiders exhibited a significantly greater increase than the prey-detection-only spiders, suggesting that prey detection alone and prey detection with consumption had different informational effects. Total thread length did not differ between single and five prey-item detection spiders, but distance between two adjacent sticky spirals increased only in the former spiders, possibly because five times unsuccessful predations prevented spiders to reduce web stickiness. It suggests that the spider changed web morphology according to the number of prey detection.

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Nakata, K. (2008) Spiders use airborne cues to respond to flying insect predators by building orb-web with fewer silk thread and larger silk decorations

Nakata, K. (2009) To be or not to be conspicuous: the effects of prey availability and predator risk on spider's web decoration building

Nakata, K. (2010) Attention focusing in a sit-and-wait forager: a spider controls its prey-detection ability in different web sectors by adjusting thread tension.

Nakata, K. & Zschokke, S. (2010) Upside-down spiders build upside-down orb webs - web asymmetry, spider orientation and running speed in Cyclosa.

Nakata, K. (2010) Does ontogenetic change in orb-web asymmetry reflect biogenetic law?

Nakata, K. (2012) Plasticity in an extended phenotype and reversed up-down asymmetry of spider orb webs

Nakata, K. & Ushimaru, A. (2013) The effect of predation risk on spider's decisions on web-site relocation

Nakata, K. (2013) Spatial learning affects thread tension control in orb-web spiders

Nakata, K. & Shigemiya Y. (2015) Body-colour variation in an orb-web spider and its effect on predation success.

Nakata, K. (2016) Female genital mutilation and monandry in an orb-web spider.

Nakata, K. & Mori, Y. (2016) Cost of complex behaviour and its implications in antipredator defence in orb-web spiders.

Complex behaviour may incur a cost. We assumed here that web-building behaviour for two species of orb-web spider, Cyclosa argenteoalba and Eriophora sagana, was more complex when their webs were asymmetric from top to bottom than when their webs were symmetric. The rationale for this assumption was that, while spiders have to adjust their spiral building behaviour in different web sectors to build asymmetric webs, they do not have to make these adjustments for symmetric webs. To estimate the costs involved in building more asymmetric webs, we measured the time taken for spiders to build orb-webs with various up-down size asymmetries and used this as a measure of the complexity of web-building behaviour. The results showed that the spiders required more time to lay the spiral threads as their webs became more asymmetric even when the length of spiral threads was the same, suggesting a time cost of processing complex information. Furthermore, we found that spiders built more symmetric webs when they perceived a risk of predation, perhaps to reduce the web-building time during which they are more vulnerable. This suggests that the cost of behavioural complexity may mediate the outcome of interspecific interactions and thus may be ecologically important.

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履歴書

平成12年4月10日現在

氏名

中　田　兼　介

生年月日

昭和42年10月31日

年齢

32才

本籍地

大阪府

連絡先

〒851-0193、長崎総合科学大学人間環境学部

電話

095-838-4108

学歴及び職歴

平成2年3月

京都大学理学部卒業

平成2年4月

京都大学大学院理学研究科修士課程（動物学専攻) 入学

平成4年3月

同　修了

平成4年4月

京都大学大学院理学研究科博士後期課程（動物学専攻)進学

平成7年3月

京都大学理学博士の学位を取得、博士後期課程修了

平成7年4月より平成9年3月まで

京都大学理学研究科研修員

平成7年4月より平成10年3月まで

奈良佐保女子短期大学非常勤講師

平成9年4月より平成12年3月まで

日本学術振興会特別研究員および立命館大学非常勤講師

平成12年4月より

長崎総合科学大学講師

学位

平成7年3月　京都大学　理学博士

The relationship between individual behaviour, age-polyethism and productivity of the queenless ant, Diacamma sp.

主査　京都大学教授　川那部浩哉

所属学会

日本生態学会、日本動物行動学会、国際社会性昆虫学会

賞罰

第12回（平成7年度）井上研究奨励賞受賞

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